ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ β Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠ±Π°ΠΌ. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ: ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ/Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°: Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ , ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π³ΡΡΡΡΡ /ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ . Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ/Π³Π°Π·Π°/ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°. ΠΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ/ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ/Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π½Π°Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 22792-83.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21856-78. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°/ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°/ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 25681-83.
ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ . Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ . ΠΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 16045-70. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄.
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ
Π€ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π° ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ . ΠΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠ°Β» ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Β«ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ°Β» β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ: Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ.
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ β Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ°. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ, Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π»Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ β Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ β Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ). ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅.
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ-Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Β«Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Β» β ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ (ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²) ΠΈ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π² Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈ β ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ-ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ β Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° β ΠΈΠ· Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ . Π‘ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π€ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π²Π»Π°Π³ΠΈ, Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 120 Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 16 Π±Π°Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ.
Π§Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°

Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
- β’ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ;
- β’ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ;
- β’ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ;
- β’ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΠ‘Π’Ρ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24504-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21858-78: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21857-78: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 25681-83: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 26337-84: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΠΉΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24092-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24072-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24073-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24087-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24091-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24074-80: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 28942.4-91: Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
16.02.17Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°:
- ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅.
Π ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ (ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 22792-83), ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ± ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
ΠΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ:
- ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅: ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³, ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
- ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ± ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
- ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° (ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 16045-70) Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΡΠ΄Π° Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ 12Π₯18Π9Π’ (Π₯18Π9Π’).
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ (Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ) ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 25681-83).Β ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»: ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ (ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21856-78) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ 5 ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²:
- Π‘ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅; ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 0,6-25 ΠΠΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ -70 Π΄ΠΎ 300 Π³Ρ.
- Π‘ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠΊ; Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 0,6-16 ΠΠΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ.-70+600 Π³Ρ.
- Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ; Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅1,6-16 ΠΠΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ.-70+600 Π³Ρ.
- Π‘ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΠΊ; Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1,6-16ΠΠΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ. -70+600 Π³Ρ.
- Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ; Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 6,3-16ΠΠΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ.-70+600 Π³Ρ.
Π ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ — Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠΆΡΠ΅ Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡ.
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Π°, Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ.
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅
Google+
ΠΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ
Π Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°:
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ;
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ;
- ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ.
Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ (ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ.) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ:
- Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ;
- ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ;
- ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Π° Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ.
Π ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Π°, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Π° Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ (ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ). ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. Π£Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 0,6 Π΄ΠΎ 25 ΠΠΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ -70 Π΄ΠΎ 300 Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ²;
- ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² 16 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡ -70 Π΄ΠΎ 600 Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ²;
- ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 1,6 Π΄ΠΎ 16 ΠΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°;
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠΊ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1,6β16 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ;
- ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ 6,3β16 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
:
- Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
- Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
- ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ;
- ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
- ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ;
- ΠΌΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡ, Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ) Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ β ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ β 240 Π³ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° β 90 ΠΌΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ 90 Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 16 Π±Π°Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 90 ΠΌΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 70 ΠΌΠΌ.- ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±Π°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ± Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
- Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ± ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅
Google+
ΠΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅:
- Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
- ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
- ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
- ΠΠ·Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ
- ΠΠΠ‘Π’Ρ
Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΒ β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ½Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΒ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΒ ΡΒ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΒ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΒ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ, ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΡ Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅:
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²;
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΒ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΒ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΒ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΎΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ², Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅:
Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΒ ΠΈΡ Β Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ.
| Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ | ΠΠΈΠ΄ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 22792-83 ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. |
| ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ | ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21856-78. |
| ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ | Π ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 25681-83. |
| ΠΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ | ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Ρ 5 Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ, ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. |
| Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ-Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° | ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Β«Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Β», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π°. |
| ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ | ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΒ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π²Β ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Β β ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ± ΠΏΠΎΒ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΒ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΒ Ρ.Β Π΄. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΒ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 16045-70. |
Π’ΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Β ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Β Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ . Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΒ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Β Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π»Π°. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π²Β Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ . ΠΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²Β ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ·Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ.
ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Β ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡ Β ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΡ . ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ:
- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²;
- ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Β ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΒ Ρ.Β Π΄.
ΠΠ·Β ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Β ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Β ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΊΒ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ°Β ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Β Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²Β ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Β Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ.
ΠΠΠ‘Π’Ρ
ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΒ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘Π’. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ, Π²Β ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅:
- Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Β β ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21858-78;
- Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Β β ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 21857-78;
- Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Β β ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 24072-80;
- Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Β β ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 25681-83 ΠΈΒ Ρ.Β Π΄.
Π‘ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡ Β ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅, ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1ΠΠ³ΡΠΎΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ°Π²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΌΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². Π Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ:
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ β ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ;
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ β ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ;
- ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ β ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Ρ. ΠΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ β ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ 0,6 β 25 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ -70 Π΄ΠΎ 300 Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ².
- ΠΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² 16ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ Π² Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ -70 β 600 Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠ².
- ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ 1,6 β 16 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ.
- Π―Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ. ΠΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ 6,3 β 16 ΠΠΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅:
ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠ° Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ http://euroelectrica.ru/pokupka-dvuhkomnatnoy-kvartiryi-v-astane/.
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅: ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎΠΊ
Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ «ΠΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ» Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ.
Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ?
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ , ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ , ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ , ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°, Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ?
Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ, Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ².


Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ:
- ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ;
- ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ;
- Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ;
- ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ , ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ , ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ.
Π ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
Π£Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΡ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ , ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ , Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π»Π° ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Π°. Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΠΉΠΊΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π²ΡΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ , ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ» ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ.
Π Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½Π°Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΊ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ β ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π’Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Π·Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π¨ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΠΉΠΌΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°.
Π‘ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅:ΠΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ?
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ


ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ:
β’Β ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
β’Β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅;
β’Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅;
β’Β ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ:
β’Β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ;
β’Β Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ;
β’Β ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ β Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
Π‘Π²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π°. ΠΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°:
β’Β ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ 0,6-25,0 ΠΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ 70ΠΎΠ‘ Π΄ΠΎ 300ΠΎΠ‘;
β’Β ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΡ , ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ 1,6-16,0 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ 70ΠΎΠ‘ Π΄ΠΎ 600ΠΎΠ‘;
β’Β ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ 6,3-16,0 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ 70ΠΎΠ‘ Π΄ΠΎ 600ΠΎΠ‘;
β’Β ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ 1,6-16 ΠΠΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ 70ΠΎΠ‘ Π΄ΠΎ 600ΠΎΠ‘.
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.
Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ?


ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°:
β’Β ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
β’Β ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
β’Β ΠΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
β’Β Π ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ.
β’Β ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π², Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
β’Β ΠΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ.
β’Β ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°.
β’Β Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ, ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ± ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ.
90000 14 Types of Plumbing and Pipe Fittings — Names and Pictures 90001 90002 90003 Note: This post may contain affiliate links. This means that at no cost to you, we may receive a small commission for made purchases. 90004 90005 90002 The principles of your home’s plumbing are fairly simple. Fresh water comes in under pressure to fixtures such as sinks, bathtubs, showers and toilet tanks. Water is heated by passing through a water heater (see: How Does a Water Heater Work?) Before traveling to the fixtures.90005 90002 Waste water is expelled from the home through drain pipes and from there into the sewer or septic system. Vent stacks help the water drain and vent sewer gases to the outside. 90005 90002 To make sure everything works smoothly, there are various 90011 types of plumbing fittings 90012 for the typical plumbing system. Here are some of the most common: 90005 90014 Types of Pipe Fittings 90015 90016 90017 Adaptor 90018 90017 Barb 90018 90017 Coupling 90018 90017 Cross 90018 90017 Double Tapped Bushing 90018 90017 Elbow 90018 90017 Mechanical Sleeve 90018 90017 Nipple 90018 90017 Plug and Cap 90018 90017 Reducer 90018 90017 Tee 90018 90017 Union 90018 90017 Valve 90018 90017 Wye 90018 90045 90002 90005 90048 90049 90049 Adaptor 90051 90002 Adaptors connect pipes that are not the same type.Because an adaptor can be male or female on one end, it can turn a pipe male or female. 90005 90002 If ends are non-threaded, they are left to be welded, soldered or glued to the pipe. Adaptors are used for PVC and copper piping. 90005 90048 90057 90057 Barb 90051 90002 A barb connects hoses to pipes. It is usually male at one end. The other has a barbed tube, which is a ridged and tapered cone. 90005 90002 It may also have a type of clamp to keep it secure. Barbs are made of plastic if they carry cold water and brass if they carry hot water.90005 90048 90065 90065 Coupling 90051 90002 A coupling makes it easy to connect two pipes that have the same diameter and are the same type. It’s also used to repair a broken or leaking pipe. Along with a normal coupling, two other types are the 90011 compression coupling 90012 and 90011 slip coupling 90012. 90005 90002 The compression fitting is connected between two pipes via rubber seals or gaskets on both sides which prevents leaking. A slip coupling includes two pipes, one of which slides out of the other pipe to a various length, to repair a specific length of damaged pipe.90005 90048 90077 90077 Cross 90051 90002 A cross fitting has openings on all four of its ends and can connect four pipes. Cross fittings come with three inlets and an outlet or three outlets and an inlet. 90005 90002 Because they are the connecting point for four pipes, they are under more stress than other types of fittings and typically built tougher than other fittings. 90005 90048 90085 90085 Double Tapped Bushing 90051 90002 This is a type of nipple, but it has threading on both the inside and the outside.Because this center hole is threaded (tapped) from both top and bottom, it’s referred to as double-tapped. 90005 90002 A double tapped bushing is also a type of reducer, but does not have a reducer’s flexibility. A double tapped bushing is usually female. 90005 90048 90093 90093 Elbow 90051 90002 Not surprisingly, this sort of fitting has a bend that reminds you of the arm joint. They help the flow of water change direction. Elbows come in several degrees, including 22.5, 45, and 90 degrees.90005 90002 Reducer elbow variations also exist for when the piping diameters being connected are different. Elbow fittings can be made of different materials, and most are female. 90005 90048 90101 90101 Mechanical Sleeve 90051 90002 This connects two pipes through the use of a screw or other device. This makes the fitting easy to install. The mechanical sleeve or coupling is usually made of rubber that is inserted inside a metal jacket (stainless steel clamp). 90005 90002 When the clamp is tightened, it compresses the rubber inside to make a tight seal.Because this fitting can be slightly flexed, it can accommodate small misalignments in hard to install locations. 90005 90048 90109 90109 Nipple 90051 90002 This is a short fitting that can be made of metals such as copper, brass or steel or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). Instead of connecting two pipes, a nipple connects two fittings. 90005 90002 If it has a continuous threading, it is a closed nipple. They are usually male and come in varying lengths. 90005 90048 90117 90117 Plug and Cap 90051 90002 Plugs and caps are both used to close up pipe openings during inspections and repairs.The main difference is that a plug is male while a cap is female. Most often, caps and plugs are threaded. 90005 90002 Plugs and caps are made of several materials, including metal, plastic or rubber and can be welded, soldered, glued, or threaded into the pipe. 90005 90048 90125 90125 Reducer 90051 90002 This fitting makes a flow smaller and thus reduces it. Reducers come in two types. The concentric reducer joins two pipes on the same axis, and the eccentric reducer is used to join pipes of different diameters.90005 90002 The 90011 concentric reducer 90012 looks like a cone, while 90011 eccentric reducers 90012 look somewhat like bells with offset center lines. They prevent air bubbles in the pipes. 90005 90048 90137 90137 Tee 90051 90002 A tee has an inlet and an outlet and is shaped like the letter «T.» These fittings come in different sizes and are considered sturdier than the cross fitting. 90005 90002 A diverter tee is used in heating systems that use water. They come with directional markings and need to be installed correctly for the system to operate.90005 90048 90145 90145 Union 90051 90002 Unions can have either male or female threads. They are similar to couplings, but the difference is unions are easy to remove making them convenient for maintenance or a planned future replacement. 90005 90002 A coupling, on the other hand, is more permanent and needs to be cut out. A union contains three parts: nut, male end, and female end. The nut is used to join the male and female ends. 90005 90048 90153 90153 Valve 90051 90002 Valves allow the flow of fluids to be adjusted.There are different types, including throttling, non-return and isolation. Non-return valves only allow the liquid to flow in one direction and are often found in drains. They’re also called 90011 check valves 90012. 90005 90002 90011 Isolation valves 90012 sequester a part of the plumbing system so that the system can be serviced or maintained. These valves are either left open or left closed all the time. However, because they may need to be used in a emergency, they should be checked now and then to see if they’re operational.90005 90002 90011 Throttling valves 90012 control the pressure and amount of a fluid. Because this stresses the mechanism, they tend to wear out faster than other valves. They are usually installed near isolation valves. 90005 90048 Wye 90051 90002 90171 90171 90005 90002 Built in the shape of the letter «Y,» this fitting is made to connect three pipes. Y fittings allow the pipes to change their elevations and to branch out into fresh water lines or drains. 90005 90002 Wyes are similar to tee fittings but the smoother angling reduces friction and turbulence in the water.This fitting is most commonly used to connect a vertical drainpipe to a horizontal one. 90005 90178 90179 Related Posts: 90180.90000 Guide to Fitting Types & Materials 90001 90002 Plumbing is all about pipes and fittings. Pipes establish the runs that bring or take water, with fittings controlling and manipulating the flow. Pipes are simple enough: they’re straight, and come in different sizes. Pick the right material and length, and you’re pretty much good to go. Fittings — for a plumber — are much the same. But for the average homeowner, there are a lot of fittings. Some can be perplexing, others downright intimidating once materials and sizing are considered.The sizing we’ll explore in another article; for now, you can learn a little bit about the most common fittings found in your home’s plumbing. Never again will you need to ask for «the thingy with the two ends that connects the two pipes at an angle»! 90003 90004 90005 Different Fitting Types 90006 90007 Adapters 90008 90009 90010 Brass Flare x MIPS Adapter 90002 Adapters are used to extend runs, or to simply change the connection type at the end of a pipe. This allows dissimilar pipes to be connected, without the need for a more involved setup.90003 90002 Adapters are available in most all standard materials: ABS, brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90007 Bushings 90008 90018 90010 Stainless Steel Bushing 90002 Bushings are used to join pipes of different sizes, usually by reducing a larger fitting down to a smaller pipe. Bushings are usually — not always — threaded both inside and out, and take up very little space compared to a coupling or union, which accomplish the same goal.90003 90002 Offered in: ABS, brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90002 90025 Note: 90026 Some fitting types, like bushings, have limitations placed on their use (or are not allowed at all) by some plumbing codes. Remember to check local plumbing codes prior to purchasing. 90003 90004 90007 Caps & Plugs 90008 90031 90010 PVC Cap 90002 Caps are, surprisingly enough, used to cap a pipe end. Plugs do pretty much the same thing, but usually fit inside the fitting, and are threaded to allow for future use of the pipe.Caps can be threaded, glued, or soldered onto pipe (depending on its material). 90003 90002 Both are available in: ABS, brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90007 Couplings 90008 90040 90010 Chrome Coupler 90002 A coupling is used to extend the run of a pipe, or change pipe sizes (in the case of a reducing coupling, also sometimes called a «bell» reducer due to its shape). Available with female threads, or unthreaded for either plastic gluing (solvent welding) or copper soldering, these are among the most-used of fittings.90003 90002 Offered in: ABS, brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90007 Elbows 90008 90049 90010 Copper 90 Β° Elbow 90002 If you need to change the direction of flow, elbows are likely your best bet. Produced primarily in 90 and 45 degree angles (unique sizes like 22.5 and 60 are also available), elbows can be threaded or sweated, and are one of the most crucial fittings used in plumbing. Street elbows feature male and female threaded ends to easily connect differing pipes or fittings.Some unique elbows also feature a side outlet, making it act more like a tee with a bend. 90003 90002 Available in: ABS, brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90007 Flanges 90008 90058 90010 Black Iron Floor Flange 90002 Flanges are used to connect pipes. Pipe is threaded or welded to the flanges, which are then sealed together (usually with bolts). Flange connections are used extensively in industrial applications handling high pressures.They can also be found connecting residential pump systems. «Closet» (or toilet) flanges are found in the home mounting the toilet to the floor and drain beneath. 90003 90002 Offered in: brass, copper, malleable (galvanized and black), and PVC (for closet / toilet flanges). 90003 90004 90007 Nipples 90008 90067 90010 Chrome Pipe Nipple 90002 Nipples are a short stub of pipe, male-threaded at each end, that are used to connect straight pipe runs. Close nipples are threaded from each end along their whole length for particularly tight connections.90003 90002 Available in: brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90007 Tees 90008 90076 90010 Brass IPS Tee 90002 When more than one branch is required of a water supply, tees are the way to go. Essentially a long coupling with an outlet on the side, these fittings feature their outlets at 90 Β° from the inlet, and are sized according to their «run» (the horizontal, or straight-through dimension of the fitting), and the side outlet (the «top» of the fitting, 90 degrees off the run).When the run of a tee is smaller than the side outlet, it’s often referred to as a «bull head» fitting. 90003 90002 Tees are offered in ABS, brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black), PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90083 Crosses 90084 90085 90010 Galvanized Cross 90002 «Cross» fittings are 4-way fittings that are essentially the combination of two tees. Many opt to use two tees instead. 90003 90002 Crosses are available in brass, malleable (galvanized and black), and PVC.90003 90004 90083 Saddle Tees 90084 90094 90010 PVC Saddle Tee 90002 These fittings are used to quickly add a tee to an existing length of pipe, without having to cut and re-solder what’s there. Most often, this takes place with irrigation systems to add a new sprinkler line. Also referred to as snap-tees, saddles are glued to the pipe, and after setting, the new hole is drilled. 90003 90002 Saddle tees are offered only in PVC. 90003 90004 90007 Unions 90008 90103 90010 CPVC Union 90002 Unions are an alternative to couplings, when the latter are impractical or inconvenient.Whereas couplings (when not soldered) need to have pipe threaded into them, unions rely upon their own nut to create a seal between the pipe ends. This makes them the perfect choice for connecting two fixed pipes (that are unable to be threaded into a regular coupling), and make future repairs that much easier. Dielectric unions are used to join pipes of different metals by providing a barrier against galvanic corrosion. For all their benefits, unions do have drawbacks: they are not to be used with natural and LP gas.90003 90002 They are available in in brass, chrome-plated brass, copper, CPVC, malleable (galvanized and black) PVC, and stainless steel. 90003 90004 90007 Wyes 90008 90112 90010 ABS Wye 90002 Wyes are primarily drainage fittings, and feature a 45 Β° branch line designed to keep flow smooth. While sanitary tees are used with vertical drain connections, they can cause problems when used flat on a horizontal connection: those situations call for a wye. 90003 90002 These are available in brass, ABS, and PVC.90003 90004 90005 Common Fitting Materials 90006 90007 ABS 90008 90123 90010 ABS 60 Β° Elbow 90002 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, a black plastic used in drainage, sewer, waste and vents. ABS pipe / fittings as well as PVC have replaced much of the cast iron, lead, and steel pipes formerly used for DWV. Important to note is that no solvent cement (or primer) can totally «glue» (solvent weld) ABS to PVC plastic. 90003 90004 90007 Brass 90008 90130 90010 Brass Fitting Extender 90002 Made with a mixture of metal alloys: mostly copper and zinc, as well as small amounts of lead, tin, manganese, nickel, aluminum or iron.Brass fittings used for potable water usually have approximately 62-65% copper, 30-35% zinc and very small percentages of tin and lead. Brass works particularly well in hot water applications, and is highly resistant to corrosion. 90003 90004 90007 Copper 90008 90137 90010 Copper Bushing 90002 Reddish-brown, non-ferrous metal widely used for household plumbing pipes. Copper is a relatively soft and often thin material, making threading difficult. As a result, most copper fittings are not threaded, and must be soldered to copper pipe.90003 90004 90007 CPVC 90008 90144 90010 CPVC Reducing Tee 90002 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride is a plastic product designed for drinking water at temperatures up to 180 degrees (where code permits), and can generally withstand higher temperatures than standard PVC. The CPVC fittings we offer will not glue on PVC schedule 40 pipe. 90003 90004 90007 Malleable (Galvanized or Black) 90008 90151 90010 Black Iron Side Outlet Tee 90002 Made from steel. Black iron is mostly used in gas and oil applications, and is often coated with black paint or lacquer.Galvanized fittings are coated with zinc to protect against rust and corrosion. Galvanized piping was widely used for home plumbing in the past, but no longer, due to leak issues over time. Galvanized fittings today are most often used for non-potable outdoor applications, and to repair existing galvanized systems. 90003 90004 90007 PVC 90008 90158 90010 PVC Coupling 90002 A rigid, generally white plastic pipe. Used for waste and vent systems as well as cold water (underground) supplies outside of the house as well as used for sprinkler and irrigation pipes, sewers, drains, wastes and venting pipes and fittings.PVC in the plumbing business is generally white (Sch 40) but sometimes comes in other colors (in our industry gray is the second most popular, and is typically used for Sch 80 PVC). Another color you may see more frequently as water conservation efforts grow is purple, which is used to differentiate reclaimed or grey water systems from potable drinking water systems. 90003 90004 90007 Stainless Steel 90008 90165 90010 Stainless Steel Lock Nut 90002 A combination of iron alloys and chromium, stainless steel is durable and offers excellent rust and corrosion resistance.Stainless steel comes in many types, with 304 and 316 being the most used in plumbing. Both are rated to pressures of 150 psi, with type 316 steel providing greater protection against chemical corrosion. 90003 .90000 Manufacturing All Types of Pipe Fittings in India 90001 90002 Introduction to Pipe Fittings 90003 90004 Pipe Fittings are an important piping component that helps in changing the direction of the flow such as elbows, tees, changes the size of the pipe such as reducers, reducing tees, distribute the water supply from the main pipe to other pipes of equal size or lower size, etc. connect different components such as couplings and stop the flows such as caps. In plumbing, many types of fixtures are joined with the help of various types of material such as metallic or plastic, as per the requirement.Pipe fittings vary depending on the type of pipe used. Pipe fittings basically include the range of components that are used to connect pipe ends for in-line, multi-port, offset and mounting configurations. Pipe fitting cross sections are mostly, but not always, circular in shape to match with the pipe section with which they are connected. 90005 90004 As one of the biggest manufacturer of steel pipes and pipe fittings manufacturer in India, Metallica carries inventory of over 15,000 tons in its warehouses in Mumbai, Maharashtra India.90005 90002 Types of Pipe Fittings 90003 90004 Fittings are divided into the following 4 groups: 90005 90012 Buttweld Pipe Fittings 90013 90014 90015 A butt weld pipe fitting is a type of pipe fitting, which is designed to be welded on site to connect pipes together. Welding of a buttweld pipe fitting to pipes or other fittings is generally done to allow change in direction of the piping system. Buttweld fittings are generally identified or inquired in nominal pipe sizes with specified pipe schedule.Buttweld fitting’s dimensions and tolerances are defined as per ASME B16.9 standard. All buttweld pipe fittings have beveled ends as per ASME B16.25 standard. This helps create full penetration weld without any extra preparation needed for the butt weld fitting. 90016 90015 Manufacturing buttweld fittings — A butt weld pipe fitting is made by the process of hot forming that includes bending and forming to shape. The starting material of butt weld fitting is a pipe that is cut to length, heated and molded into specific shapes by means of dies.Heat treatment is also done to remove residual stresses and obtain desired mechanical properties. Sch 10 fittings are also more common in stainless steel butt weld fitting, while SCH 40 is common for carbon steel butweld fittings. 90016 90019 90020 90021 90022 90023 90024 Pipes Bends 90025 90026 90027 90022 90029 Size 90026 90029 3 «-48» 90026 90027 90022 90029 Radius 90026 90029 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 8D, 10D 90026 90027 90022 90029 Angles 90026 90029 22.5Deg, 30Deg, 45Deg, 60Deg, 90Deg 90026 90027 90022 90029 Pipe Fitting Standard 90026 90029 ANSI B16.9, ANSI B16.11, ANSI B16.28, DIN 2605, DIN2615, DIN2616, JIS B2312, JIS B2313 90026 90027 90022 90023 90024 Pipe Fitting Material 90025 90026 90027 90022 90029 Carbon Steel 90026 90029 ASTM A 234 WPB, A420 WPL1, WPL3, WPL6, ASTM A860 WPHY 42, WPHY52, WPHY60, WPHY65, WPHY70 90026 90027 90022 90029 Stainless Steel 90026 90029 ASTM A403 WP304 / 304L, WP316 / 316L, WP321, WP347 90026 90027 90022 90029 Alloy Steel 90026 90029 ASTM A234 WP1, WP5, WP9, WP11, WP12, WP22, WP91 90026 90027 90022 90029 Duplex & Super Duplex Steel 90026 90029 ASTM A815 UNS S31803, UNS S32750, UNS S32760 90026 90027 90022 90023 90024 Pipe Fitting Schedule 90025 90026 90027 90022 90029 Carbon Steel & Alloy Steel 90026 90029 STD, XS, XXS, SCh20-SCh260 90026 90027 90022 90029 Stainless Steel 90026 90029 SCH5S, 10S, 40S, 80S 90026 90027 90022 90023 90024 Pipe Fitting Size 90025 90026 90027 90022 90029 Carbon Steel 90026 90029 1/2 «-96» 90026 90027 90022 90029 Stainless Steel 90026 90029 1/2 «- 24» (Seamless and Welded), 26 «- 72» (Welded) 90026 90027 90118 90119 90014 90015 All our products are supplied with Test certificates as per EN 10204 3.1 90016 90019 90012 Forged Pipe Fittings 90013 90014 90015 90024 Threaded Pipe Fittings 90025 — 90 Β° Elbow, 45 Β° Elbow, Threaded Tee, Threaded Cross, Full Coupling, Half Coupling, Reducing Coupling, Pipe Cap, Hex Head Bushing, Hex Head Plug, Square Head Plug, Round Head Plug, Threaded Union, Hex Nipple, Bull Plug, Boss, Swage Nipple, Pipe Nipple, Adapter, Union (Male x Female), Branch Outlet, 90 Β° Elbow Outlet, Threaded Street Elbow, Threaded Lateral Tee, Lateral Outlet, Nipple Branch Outlet 90016 90015 90024 Socket Weld Pipe Fittings 90025 — 90 Β° Elbow, 45 Β° Elbow, Tee, Cross, Full Coupling, Half Coupling, Pipe Cap, Union, Reducer Insert, Boss, Branch Outlet, 90 Β° Elbow Outlet, 45 Β° Lateral Tee, Lateral Outlet, Branch Outlet Butt Weld, 90 Β° Elbow, Outlet Butt Weld, Lateral Outlet Butt Weld, Nipple Branch Outlet Butt Weld 90016 90019 90014 90015 Click on the above names, to view dimensions of respective products 90016 90019 90004 Metallica is a well known manufacturer and supplier of forged pipe fitting for the clients from oil and gas, petrochemicals, railway, construction and other industries.We manufacture different size and shapes of forged pipe fittings by open die forging, closed die forging and drop forging. Our main products include socket weld and threaded pipe fittings in size range of 1/4 «to 4» (6mm-100mm), with pressure rating of 2000LBS, 3000LBS, 6000LBS, and 9000LBS. The most common and materials include ASTM A105, ASTM A182 F304, F316, F304L, F316L, and A182 F5 / F9 / F11 / F22 / F91. In nickel alloys we produce socket welded and threaded pipe fittings in various grades such as Alloy 200, 201, 400, K500, 600, 625, 800H / HT, 825, X-750, C276, Hastelloy B & C22.90005 90004 Forged socket weld and threaded pipe fittings are generally used for small size pipes and piping systems (generally below 4 inches in diameter for Class 3000, and below 2 inches for fittings in class 6000 and 9000). Forged pipe fittings are manufactured by forging, followed by heat treatment and machining solid steel as per ASME B16.11 and other dimensional standards. For bigger size piping systems buttweld pipe fittings produced as per ASME B16.9 are used. 90005 90144 Product Specification for Forged Pipe Fittings 90145 90020 90021 90022 90029 Product 90026 90029 Forged Pipe Fittings 90026 90027 90022 90029 Connection 90026 90029 Screwed or Threaded (M / F), Socket Weld 90026 90027 90022 90029 Type 90026 90029 Pipe Union, Cross, Elbow, Tee, Half Coupling, Full Coupling, Branch Outlets, Forged Plug, Hexagon Bushing, Plugs, Inserts, Caps 90026 90027 90022 90029 Size 90026 90029 1/2 «to 4» 90026 90027 90022 90029 Pressure Rating 90026 90029 2000 #, 3000 #, 6000 #, 9000 # or 2000LB, 3000LB, 6000LB, 9000LB 90026 90027 90022 90029 Process method 90026 90029 Forged, CNC Machined 90026 90027 90022 90029 Standards: 90026 90029 ASME / ANSI B16.11, MSS SP 83, MSS SP 97, MSS SP 95 90026 90027 90022 90029 Certification 90026 90029 EN 10204 3.1 90026 90027 90118 90119 90014 90015 Forged pipe fittings are available in both socket weld and threaded ends. 90016 90019 90144 Forged Fittings Materials & Grades 90145 90020 90021 90022 90029 Carbon Steel 90026 90029 ASTM A105 / N, ASTM A350LF2, LF3, LF6 90026 90027 90022 90029 Duplex 90026 90029 2205 (F51 / 60), 2507 (F53) 90026 90027 90022 90029 Chrome Moly 90026 90029 SA182, F1, F5, F5a, F9, F9l, F11, F12, F22 90026 90027 90022 90029 Stainless Steel 90026 90029 304 / L / H, 316 / L / H, 310, 317L, 321 / H, 347 / H, 410, 416, 420, 17-4, 440, Alloy 20 90026 90027 90022 90029 Nickel Alloys 90026 90029 200, 201, 400, K500, 600, 625, 800H / HT, 825, X-750, C276, Hastelloy B & C22 90026 90027 90118 90119 90014 90015 Forged pipe fittings are also available in other grades on request 90016 90019 90012 Flanges 90013 90014 90015 A steel flange (forged, cut from plate, or rolled) comes in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit different applications.A flange is usually in the shape of a round disc and is used to connect two pipes together or to connect a pipe to a pressure vessel, valve, pump, integral flanged assembly or other component. A flange comes with holes for bolts around the rim. Bolts are used to connect two flanges which are typically attached to pipe ends with a gasket in between. 90016 90015 Flanges are available in multiple shapes, as welding neck (the pipe is welded to the collar of the flange), threaded (the pipe is screwed on the flange), socket weld (fillet welds connections), lap joint (for connections using stub ends), slip on, etc.A flange can also be a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. This is called a blind flange. Thus, flanges are considered to be internal components which are used to support mechanical parts. 90016 90015 The ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 specifications cover US standard pipe flanges, the EN 1092-1 specification covers European steel flanges. 90016 90015 A flange can be produced and designed to the specific pressure ratings; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600lb, 900lb, 1500lb and 2500lb. 90016 90019 90004 90024 What are the Various Types of Flanges? 90025 90005 90004 A flange can be characterized and classified in various ways such as: 90005 90004 -Types of Connection 90261 -Flange facing Types 90261 -Pressure Temperature Ratings 90261 -Material Types 90005 90014 90015 Click on the above names, to view details of respective products 90016 90019 90002 Some of the Most Widely Used Pipe Fittings for Piping Systems 90003 90004 There are different types of pipe fitting used in piping.90005 90004 90274 1. Adapters: 90275 Adapters are an extremely important pipe fitting that extend or terminate pipe runs. They are used to connect dissimilar pipes. These fittings are somewhat similar to pipe couplings, with the difference that they connect pipe of different types, one of which is an IPS (Iron Pipe Size). 90276 These pipe fittings make the ends of the pipe either male or female threaded as per the need. This permits unlike pipes to be connected without any need of extensive setup.They are mostly used for PVC and copper pipes. 90005 90004 90274 2. Elbows: 90275 Elbows, also known as «ells,» are used to change the direction of the flow. 90281 A common example of an elbow fitting in the home is the piece that extends from the wall of your shower to which the shower head connects. They are majorly available in two standard types — 90 and 45 degree angles owing to their high demand in plumbing. 90005 90004 90274 3. Couplings: 90275 A coupling is a pipe fitting used to stop leakages 90286 in broken or damaged pipes.The pipes to be connected should be of the same diameter. The two kinds of couplings used in plumbing are regular coupling and slip coupling. The basic function of Couplings and Union is simply to connect two pieces of pipe or tubing. Therefore, couplings and unions are generally quite short fittings. The regular coupling is arranged between the two pipes to prevent further leakages with the help of rubber seals or gaskets on the both sides. The slip coupling itself contains two pipes to repair the damaged lengthy pipes.90005 90004 90274 4. Olet: 90275 These fittings are used when the standard size of the fittings fails to serve the purpose. Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not available and / or when the branch connections are of smaller size as compared to header size, olets are generally used. 90005 90004 90274 5. Union: 90275 This type of pipe fitting is almost similar 90295 to coupling in terms of functions i.e. to connect two pieces of pipe or tubing, but just with a difference, i.e. couplings are designed to be somewhat permanent and are often welded in place or secured by a series of bolts and nuts, while unions are designed to be easily removed at any time .. A variety of dielectric unions are used to join pipes made of different materials to avoid any kind of galvanic corrosion between them. These pipe fittings comprise of a nut, female and male ended threads. 90005 90004 90274 6. Nipple: 90275 90300 It is a piece of pipe having thread at both sides, and 90261 could be used for short extension of plumbing lines.It can also be used for connecting two fittings within small distance. 90005 90004 90274 7. Reducer: 90275 This pipe setting is used to reduce the flow size of the pipe from the bigger to smaller one. There are two kinds of reducers- concentric reducer and eccentric reducer. It is used to connect pipes of different diameters. A 90261 reducer may be of various types like reducer tee, reducer elbow and reducer socket. 90307 The former one is in the shape of a cone used for gradual reducing of the size of the pipe.The latter one has its one edge facing the mouth of the connecting pipe reducing the chances of air accumulation. 90005 90004 90274 8. Tee: 90275 This T-shaped pipe fitting used in the plumbing 90312 system has one inlet and two outlets arranged at an angle of 90 degrees to the main pipe. Pipe tee is used for distributing or collecting the fluid from the run pipe. There are two types of Tee used in piping, Equal / Straight Tee and Reducing / Unequal Tee. This kind of fitting is used to connect the two pipes and make their flow direction as one.If all the three sides of this fitting are same in size, it is called equal tee, otherwise unequal tee. 90005 90004 90274 9. Cross: 90275 Cross is also known as four-way pipe fitting. A cross has one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa). Generally, crosses are not used in process piping to transport fluid. But forged crosses are common in the fire water sprinkler line. 90317 90005 90004 90274 10. Flanges: 90275 A flange is another pipe fitting used to connect pipes, 90322 pumps, valves, and other components to form a full-fledged piping system.They come with a flexibility of easily cleaning or inspecting the whole system from within. They are fixed to the pipes using welding, threading or screwing techniques and then finally sealed with the help of bolts. They are used in residential pump systems and majorly for industrial purposes. 90005 90004 90274 11. Caps & Plugs: 90275 A cap, as its name suggests, is a cap that goes over the end of a pipe, creating a dead end. Plugs also stop up a pipe or tube system, but are plugged, like a stopper, into the end of the pipe.90327 The plugs are fitted inside the pipe and threaded to keep the pipe for future use. There are a good number of ways a cap can be applied to the pipe like soldering, glue, or threading depending on the material of the pipe. 90005 90004 90274 12. Bushings: 90275 90332 It is used to join two pipes of different sizes. Bushings are not always threaded inside out and occupy very little space in comparison to a union or coupling used for the same purpose. A type of backflow preventer installed in a pipe run that allows water to flow in only one direction.90005 90004 90274 13. Wyes: 90275 It is a type of Tee which has the branch at a 45 Β° angle, or an angle other than 90 Β°. Wye tee allows one pipe to be joined to another at a 45 Β° angle. This type of tee reduces friction and turbulence that could hamper the flow. Wye tee is also known as a lateral. 90337 90005 90004 90274 14. Valves: 90275 Valves are used in the plumbing system to stop 90342 the flow of gases or liquids. There are of three types — throttling, isolation, and non-return. But the one unifying attribute is that they control the flow of fluids and gases through a system.Some common types of valves are butterfly, gate, globe and ball. Sink and shower / bathtub faucets are among the most common types of valves. 90005 90004 90274 15. Barb: 90275 90347 90005 90004 A «barb» or «hose barb» fitting is used to connect flexible hose or tubing to pipes. A barb fitting typically has a male-threaded end used to mate with female threads. The other end of the fitting has either a single- or multiple-barbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges, which is inserted into a flexible hose to secure it.90005 90004 90274 16. Diverter tee: 90275 90354 This kind of a tee-shaped pipe fitting is commonly used in the pressurized hydronic heating systems to redirect a part of the flow from the main line to the side branch connected to a heat exchanger. 90005 90002 Various types of pipe joints are as follows: — 90003 90358 90015 Threaded joint 90016 90015 Welded joint (butt welded, socket welded) 90016 90015 Brazed joint 90016 90015 Soldered joint 90016 90015 Grooved joint 90016 90015 Flanged joint 90016 90015 Compression joint 90016 90373 .90000 Types of PEX Fittings and Connection Systems 90001 90002 * Primary or the only material used. Brass alloy most commonly used in lead-free PEX fittings is either C46500 or EcoBrass. Poly alloy refers to PPSU (Polyphenylsulfone) in all crimp and expansion fittings and other alloys for push type fittings (John Guest and Watts). 90003 ** Viega FostaPEX only. 90003 + Pricing on scale from 1 to 5 (lowest priced to highest priced) based on averages from multiple vendor comparisons.90005 90003 90007 PEX Crimp Fittings 90008 90003 Crimp style fittings are the most common and affordable type of PEX fittings and can be found in majority of supply houses, home improvement stores and online stores. 90003 Brass PEX crimp fittings are manufactured to ASTM F1807 standard. Poly alloy PEX crimp fittings are manufactured to ASTM F2159 standard. 90003 Both types are compatible with all types (A, B, C) and brands of PEX tubing and can be installed using either one of the following methods: 90003 Crimp Method: requires a PEX Crimp Tool and Copper Crimp Rings (also made to ASTM F1807) 90003 Clamp (Cinch) Method: requires a PEX Clamp (Cinch) Tool and Stainless Steel (Cinch) Clamps (made to ASTM F2098).90002 90007 Push PEX Fittings 90008 90003 Push-Fit or Push-To-Connect fittings are the only ones which do not require any PEX tools or rings to make a connection with tubing. A special composite mechanism securely locks and seals the pipe, preventing it from leaking or popping out of the fitting. Push fitting can be disconnected from the tubing with a help of a disconnecting clip or tool. 90003 These fittings can be manufactured from brass or poly alloy and are compatible with all types of PEX as we all CPVC and copper piping.90005 90002 90007 Expansion PEX Fittings 90008 90003 All expansion fittings can be divided into (2) major groups: 90003 1. Uponor (Wirsbo) ProPEX expansion system: proprietary style expansion fittings + expander tool + PEX sleeves. Both brass and poly fittings manufactured to ASTM F1960 standard. 90003 2. Rehau RauPEX expansion system: proprietary style expansion fittings + expander tool + compression tool + brass sleeves. Fittings manufactured to ASTM F2080 standard. 90003 Expansion style fittings can be used only with PEX-A tubing and are not compatible with other PEX tubing types.90005 90002 90007 Compression PEX-AL-PEX Fittings 90008 90003 Unlike most other methods, PEX-AL-PEX connection method does not require a PEX tool. Design of the compression fitting incorporates a split O-ring and a nut, used to tighten over the PEX-AL-PEX pipe and secure it over the fitting. PEX-AL-PEX compression fittings can be identified by (2) rubber O-rings over the fitting’s barbs. 90005 90002 90007 Press PEX Fittings 90008 90003 Viega PEX Press fittings are installed using a PEX press tool and have press sleeves already pre-installed onto the fitting for ease of installation.They work with all Viega PEX tubing (including FostaPEX), as well as all other brands and types (A, B, C). 90003 Watts and Uponor press fittings are designed for use only with PEX-AL-PEX tubing (any brand). 90005.